2015年12月30日水曜日

『英語は仮定法だ』

  • 仮定法とは
  • 仮定法過去
  • 仮定法過去完了
  • 仮定法未来
  • 仮定法現在
仮定法とは
仮定法とは、仮定の文をつくる方法のことでも、仮定を含む文のことでもなく、動詞の種類のこと。
動詞(verb)
直接法(indicative mood)
  • 感情を直接的に表現するするときに用いる動詞
仮定法(subjunctive mood)
  • 感情を間接的に表現するときに用いる動詞
  • subjunctiveとは、「何かを隠しながら(sub-)次につないでいく(-junctive)」という意味。仮定法において「何か」とは「感情」。
I don't have money.
  • 直説法の動詞 = have
  • 感情のない文
Sorry, but I don't have money.
  • 直説法の動詞で感情を表現するには、感情を表す単語(=sorry)を明記しなければならない
If I had the money, I would give it to you.
  • 仮定法の動詞 = had, give
  • 感情sorryが隠れている
We can be well-versed because there are books to read.
  • 直説法の動詞 = be, are
  • 感情のない文
Good news is that we can be well-versed because there are books to read.
  • 直説法の動詞で感情を表現するには、感情を表す単語(=Good news)を明記しなければならない
We couldn't be well-versed if there weren't any books to read.
  • 仮定法の動詞 = be, were
  • 感情Good newsが隠れている
直説法を仮定法に置き換える
  1. 直説法を即、仮定法に置き換えることはできない。
  2. 仮定法に置き換えるためには、直説法を含む文中に直接感情を表す言葉がなければならない。
  3. ただし、直説法をいったん仮定法に置き換えると、感情を表す言葉はもはや不要となる。仮定法そのものにその感情が含まれるから。
仮定法過去
基本
If I had the money, I would give it to you.
  • had, give = 仮定法過去
  • giveは原型だが、助動詞(would)により過去時制になっている。
  • 言いたいことは従属節
↓従属節を取り出す
I wish that I had the money.
  • wish = 直説法
  • had = 仮定法過去
If only I had the money.
  • had = 仮定法過去
  • onlyを入れると文として成立する。
↓ifを取って倒置
Had I the money, I would give it to you.
↓if節に助動詞(could)があることも
If I could afford to deposit any of my money in a bank, I would never do business with you.
If only I could afford to deposit any of my money in a bank.
  • afford, do = 仮定法過去
Will you ~?/Would you ~?/Could you ~?
Will you help me?
↓平叙文
(I will appreciate it if you help me.)
  • 時や条件をあらわす副詞節の中の未来は現在形を使う。
I will appreciate it if you will help me.
  • 例外が2つある。
    ①副詞節の主語に対して尊敬の念を示す場合
    ②副詞節が主節の行為の結果を表す場合
Would you help me?
↓平叙文
(I would appreciate it if you helped me.)
I would appreciate it if you would help me.
  • 副詞節のwouldは尊敬の念。
  • wouldは「丁寧な押し付け」。
Could you help me?
↓平叙文
I would appreciate it if you could help me.
  • helpしてくれる可能性をcouldがpossibilityという「一番低い可能性」にまで下げている。
  • wouldよりも丁寧。
It's time~/I'd rather~
I would be happy if you stopped being so noisy.
  • be, stopped = 仮定法過去
↓主節を直接法に
It is time that you stopped being so noisy.
  • is = 直接法
  • stopped = 仮定法過去
↓直接法も除去
I would rather you stopped being so noisy.
  • stopped = 仮定法過去
  • 主節は助動詞と副詞のみ。
  • 直接法がないから丁寧。
might as well
You may as well stop being so noisy.
  • stop = 直接法
  • 「脅し」の感情。
You had better stop being so noisy.
  • stop = 直接法
  • 「脅し」の感情。
  • may as well と同じ。
You might as well stop being so noisy.
  • stop = 仮定法過去
  • 「脅し」の感情を含む場合があるが、間接的でやわらかい。
You might as well throw away your money as lend it to him.
  • throw, lend = 仮定法過去
… might as well ~ as …
  • ようするに「…しないでおきましょう」と主張しているにすぎない。
  • 上の主張を明確にするため、~の仮説を大げさに展開。
  • 【英語】~が大げさであればあるほど、上の主張が理解しやすい。
  • 【日本語】~が大げさであればあるほど、上の主張が理解しにくい。
It feels like
It feels like spring today.
↓本来は
It feels like it were spring today.
  • feels = 直接法
  • were = 仮定法過去
↓接続詞likeを他の接続詞に置き換える
It feels as if it were spring today.
It feels as though it were spring today.


She talks like a teacher.
↓どちらかはっきりしない
She does talk as if she is a teacher.
  • talk, is = 直説法
  • sheはteacherである
She talks as if she were a teacher.
  • talks = 直説法
  • were = 仮定法過去
  • sheはteacherではない
ifの除去
If there weren't any books, we could be ignorant.
Were there not any books, we could be ignorant.
If it were not for books, we could be ignorant.
Were it not for books, we could be ignorant.
Without books, we could be ignorant.
But for books, we could be ignorant.
ohterwise+仮定法
There are many good books to read; otherwise we could be ignorant.
  • are = 直接法
  • many good に感情
  • be = 仮定法過去
非制限用法+仮定法
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in two weeks.
  • stopped, be = 仮定法過去
A nation would be dead in two weeks if they stopped working.
  • 副詞節の中の仮定法に隠されている感情(=意味)を明確にするために、主節が大げさになっている。
  • sttopedに隠されている感情 = 例えば、日本が存続していることに対する感謝
仮定法過去完了
助動詞
You should have been quiet.
You ought to have been quiet.
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
助動詞 modal verb
動詞の意味(感情)に変化を与える役割
should
ought to
auxiliary verb
動詞の時制を決める役割
have
do
be
助動詞に固定化した意味を与えてはならない。
should
  • 意味を「べき」に固定化してはならない。
  • shallから一歩下がった時制なので、一歩下がった感情を与える助動詞。
  • 動詞を丁寧に聞こえさせる助動詞。
  • 「べき」は不快感を与えるが、shouldは丁寧。
  • 本心では怒りや不快感を抱いているかもしれないが、丁寧。
主語を変えればより丁寧に
You should have been quiet.

If I had been you, I would have been quiet.
直接法wantを仮定法で丁寧に
I wanted you to be quiet.

I would have liked you to be quiet.
I would have preferred you to be quiet.
I'd rather/I wish/If only
I'd rather you had been quiet.
I'd rather you would have been quiet.
  • 主節は助動詞と副詞のみ。
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
  • 副詞節のwouldは尊敬の念。
I wish you had been quiet.
I wish you would have been quiet.
  • wish = 直接法
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
  • 副詞節のwouldは尊敬の念。
If only you had been quiet.
If only you would have been quiet.
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
  • 副詞節のwouldは尊敬の念。
otherwise+仮定法
I was ignorant of what to do with it; otherwise, I wouldn't have wasted so much time.
  • was = 直接法
  • wasted = 仮定法過去完了
as if
直接法と仮定法との間に「時制の一致」はない。
直説法+直説法
(時制一致あり)
①She talks as if she has been here before.
  • talks = 直接法現在
  • been = 直接法現在完了
  • Sheはここに住んでいたことがある。
talks → talked
①-1. She talked as if she was here before.
  • talked =直接法過去
  • was = 直接法過去
①-2. She talked as if she had been here before.
  • talked = 直接法過去
  • been = 直接法過去完了
直説法+直説法
(時制一致なし)
②She talks as if she had been here before.
  • talks = 直接法現在
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
  • sheはここに住んでいたことがない。
talks → talked
②-1. She talked as if she had been here before.
  • talked = 直接法過去
  • been = 仮定法過去完了
①-2と②-1、見た目はいっしょ。意味は異なる。
仮定法未来
仮定法未来および仮定法現在は「提案」(~しなさい)という概念が中心。
You should be quiet.
You ought to be quiet.
  • be = 仮定法未来
You shall be quiet.
  • be = 直接法
The sports meeting will be postponed if it rains tomorrow.
  • 直接法postponed、直接法rains
  • 主節の可能性(90%)も、副詞節の可能性も高い。
The sports meeting will be postponed if it should rain tomorrow.
  • 直接法postponed、仮定法未来rain
  • 主節の可能性(90%)は高いが、副詞節の可能性は低い。
The sports meeting would be postponed if it should rain tomorrow.
  • 仮定法未来postponed、仮定法未来rain
  • 「明日の天気は大丈夫ですよ。雨は降りませんから。」
  • 仮定法未来postponed/rainには「天気でよかったね」という喜びの感情。
仮定法現在
I would appreciate it if you should be quiet.
  • appreciate = 仮定法未来
  • be = 仮定法未来
I suggest that you be quiet.
  • suggest = 直接法
  • be = 仮定法現在
仮定法現在をとる動詞
  • suggest
  • demand
  • insist
  • recommend
  • propose
  • ask
  • request
  • advise
仮定法現在をとる形容詞
  • important
  • necessary
  • essential
  • advisable
  • desirable
  • vital
  • pertinent
  • imperative
  • advantageous
仮定法現在をとる名詞
  • rule
  • order
  • decree
  • mandate
  • verdict
  • judgment
  • regulation
5つの仮定法―感情表現ツールの英会話 (ネイティヴ・ランゲージシリーズ)
向井 京子
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